A global checklist of mushrooms (Basidiomycota) in biomaterials and the challenges and opportunities of mycelium-based biomaterials

Abstract

Mushroom mycelium-based biomaterials (MMBs) are innovative, environment-friendly, biodegradable, and sustainable alternatives to plastic- and foam-based products. MMBs are popular due to their biodegradability, low carbon footprint, and alignment with the principles of the circular economy. MMBs are developed using the mycelium of suitable mushroom species and lignocellulosic substrates, derived from agricultural and forest byproducts. Research on several mushroom species is increasing, and the choice of species plays a pivotal role in determining the mechanical and overall characteristics of the end products. This review is the first compiled report of all mushroom species within Basidiomycota utilized in MMBs production. The mushroom genera used in its development have also been presented according to hyphal system type. This paper is based on all the relevant published and available articles till 2024. Additionally, it highlights key challenges in developing MMBs and explores potential solutions.