A Study of the effectiveness of a forklift driving simulation: A comparison between virtual reality controllers and mobile-based controllers

Abstract

Forklift operation training carries inherent safety risks and high costs. To address this, this study developed a simulation system integrating a miniature forklift with IoT and Virtual Reality (VR) within a Digital Twin framework. The research compared operational effectiveness and user satisfaction between VR controllers and mobile-based controllers. Drawing from a continuous research framework (Protocol Number: EC 25067-13), participants performed navigation and pallet handling tasks using a learning-by-doing approach. The findings indicate that while both modalities facilitate conceptual understanding, the VR-based interaction demonstrated notably higher engagement and situational awareness due to its immersive nature. The study concludes that VR-based simulation effectively enhances procedural skills and provides a safe, engaging platform for technical and vocational education.