Comparing gender-based disaster recovery policy in Indonesia and Thailand: A study case of post-earthquake in Yogyakarta and Chiang Rai Province

Abstract

The post-disaster recovery is an essential step in emergency response, but it is not an equal process, since women are mostly economically marginalized and may take longer to recover. The research provides understandings of mainstreaming gender into the recovery phases following the 2014 Chiang Rai earthquake and the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake in Indonesia by examining the policy that existed in Thailand and Indonesia and how the policy was implemented to the women beneficiaries in their respective countries. In the sub-sections below, the background to the disasters is provided, followed by the impacts of the disasters on Chiang Rai’s and Yogyakarta's women population. The literature review offers a discussion on mainstreaming gender in disaster recovery as separate components but would appear to be intertwined and complementary concepts. The research focuses on identifying gender mainstream in disaster recovery policy and practice after the 2014 Chiang Rai earthquake in Thailand and the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake in Indonesia. Data will be analyzed by using qualitative and quantitative methodology. Content analysis will be used to explore types and proses toward gender mainstream. Questionnaires will be analyzed using factor analysis and regression test SPSS Statistics 22.0 in particular to identify prominent types and key determinants of gender mainstream in post-earthquake reconstruction context. Thus, it portrays how some disaster recovery policies and practices applied in the post-earthquake scenario of the 2014 Chiang Rai earthquake and the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake have been effective, and some still lingered because the root causes of gender vulnerability were failed to be removed. In the analysis part, Blaikie’s Pressure and Release Model (PAR) is introduced to clarify key determinants of gender vulnerability in the post-disaster scenario. The theory of gender inequality is utilized to discover the practice of gender inequality manifestation for vulnerable groups, such as stereotypes, subordination, marginalization, double burden, and gender-based violence. Gender mainstreaming is then introduced as a strategy to promote gender equality to reinforce the community's resilience and remove the root causes of the gender vulnerability, especially in the post-disaster period. After collecting and describing the data on the mainstreaming gender, this research has provided understandings in mainstreaming gender into the recovery phases following the 2014 Chiang Rai earthquake in Thailand and the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake in Indonesia by examining the policy existed in Thailand and Indonesia, and how the policy was implemented to support the vulnerable group of women.